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HOOU Dieter Scholz

Aircraft Design

An Open Educational Resource (OER) for Hamburg Open Online University (HOOU)

Abstract    Introduction    Publications and Videos    OER Details    Getting Started    Aircraft Design Lecture Notes    Aircraft Design Videos    Test Your Aircraft Design Knowledge    Interactive Aircraft Design with OpenVSP-Connect

Reach this page via:
http://HOOU.ProfScholz.de
http://OER.AircraftDesign.org
https://purl.org/AircraftDesign/OER

https://legacy.hoou.de/projects/aircraft-design

http://LectureNotesAircraftDesign.ProfScholz.de
http://LectureNotes.AircraftDesign.org
https://purl.org/AircraftDesign

 

Abstract

The topic of this Open Educational Resource (OER) is the design of passenger aircraft. The parameters of the aircraft are determined step by step based on the performance requirements (number of passengers, range, required take-off and landing distance, ...) as well as certification requirements. The first results are thrust, wing area, required fuel mass, empty mass, take-off and landing mass. In further steps, parameters are determined for the cabin, fuselage, wing, tail and the landing gear. The aim is to design an aircraft that produces minimum costs during its operation and low environmental burden.

 

Introduction

Aircraft design is the first fascinating step in the life of an aircraft, where visions are converted into reality. This Open Educational Resource (OER) has the aim to teach aircraft design and to convey its fascination.

In a practical sense, aircraft design supplies the geometrical description of the aircraft. Traditionally, the output is a three-view drawing and a list of aircraft parameters. Today, the output may also be an electronic 3D model. In the case of civil aircraft, a fuselage cross-section and a cabin layout are provided in addition.

In an abstract sense, aircraft design determines the design parameters that meet the requirements and constraints and that optimize the design objectives. The fundamental requirements for civil aviation are payload and range. Many constraints come from certification rules demanding safety. The objectives are often of a financial nature, such as achieving the lowest operating costs. Aircraft design always strives for the best compromise among conflicting issues.

The design synthesis of an aircraft goes from the conceptual design to the detailed design. Frequently, expert knowledge is needed more than computing power. The typical work involves statistics, the application of inverse methods, and the use of optimization algorithms. Proposed designs are analyzed with respect to aerodynamics (drag), structure (mass), performance as well as longitudinal and lateral stability. A modern aircraft is a complex, computer-controlled combination of its structure, engines, and systems. Passengers demand high comfort at low fares, society demands environmentally friendly aircraft, and investors demand a profitable asset.

Aircraft design in the context of this OER comprises all aircraft types in civil use with an emphasis on civil jet passenger aircraft and business jets. It considers all major aircraft components (wing, fuselage, tail, undercarriage), as well as the integration of engines and systems. The aircraft is seen as part of the air transport system.

 

Publications and Videos

About Aircraft Design and this OER

item PFLAUM, Ellen; SCHOLZ, Dieter: Aircraft Design (Flugzeugentwurf).
In: Synergie - Fachmagazin für Digitalisierung in der Lehre. Sonderband: HOOU Content Projekte 2015/16, 2017. -
URL: https://www.synergie.uni-hamburg.de
*.pdf HOOU-Content-Projekte-2015-2016_AircraftDesign.pdf     Geändert am:  27 May 2017,     Größe:  839K

 

item FLITTA, Julia; SCHOLZ, Dieter: Aircraft Design (Entwurf von Passagierflugzeugen). - URL: http://HOOU.ProfScholz.de
*.pdf HOOU-Poster_AircraftDesign_2016.pdf     Geändert am:  27 May 2017,     Größe:  1.6M

 

Aircraft Design @ HOOU - Teaser
German, English subtitles (2016)

Aircraft Design @ HOOU - Introduction
(2016)

Aircraft Design @ HOOU - Interview
Prof. Scholz, German (2016)

Aircraft Design @ HOOU - Interview
Prof. Scholz, English (2016)

Subtitles? Start video, click on "YouTube", switch on Subtitles and switch to English Language there!

Watch the video The Kid and the Kite (1995). It is about the fascination of aerospace from an industrial perspective. The video is international as it works without words. Interesting is also the philosophical trailer. What do you think about it? Do you think industry can live up these statements in reality?

 

OER Details

This OER in a Graphics-Based Version pin
This OER at HOOU
Background of HOOU and this OER
Interactive Video
More Interactive Content

 

Getting Started

Get started with Aircraft Design by learning about the main parts of an aircraft from this Hotspot Picture.
Click on (+) to get a Definition of the related aircraft component and follow the links to Wikipedia and NASA to learn more.
Click on the Hotspot (+) which is up in the air in the picture for an Introduction!!!
Look at NASA's Overview of Aircraft Parts.
The picture shows an Emirates Airbus A340-300 (source).

 

Aircraft Design Lecture Notes

Please quote the lecture notes like this:
SCHOLZ, Dieter, 2015. Aircraft Design. Lecture Notes. Hamburg University of Applied Sciences. Available from: http://LectureNotes.AircraftDesign.org.

Dieter SCHOLZ: Aircraft Design
Chapter Titel Number of Pages PDF Remarks
  Title Page 2 *.pdf  
  Contents 4 *.pdf  
1 Introduction 7 *.pdf  
2 Aircraft Design Sequence 6 *.pdf  
3 Requirements and Certification 6 *.pdf  
4 Aircraft Configurations 11 *.pdf Sketch your aircraft ideas with NASA's OpenVSP
maybe together with OpenVSP-Connect (Excel)
5 Preliminary Sizing 32 *.pdf Aircraft preliminary sizing, Part 25:
Preliminary Sizing Tool: PreSTo-Classic (Excel Workbook)
Simple Aircraft Sizing & Optimization: SAS (Excel Workbook)
6 Fuselage Design 21 *.pdf Cabin and fuselage interactive design:
Preliminary Sizing Tool, Module 2: PreSTo-Cabin (Excel Workbook)
7 Wing Design 43 *.pdf Paper: Efficiency of Winglets
Wing lift curve slope & lift distribution: Diederich Method (Excel Workbook)
8 High Lift Systems and Maximum Lift Coefficients 21 *.pdf Alternative method to wing maximum lift coefficient:
Diederich Method (Excel Workbook)
9 Empennage General Design 16 *.pdf Paper: Empennage Sizing with Tail Volume & Method for Dorsal Fin Layout
10 Mass and Center of Gravity 24 *.pdf  
11 Empennage Sizing 29 *.pdf  
12 Landing Gear Conceptual Design and Integration 13 *.pdf Author: Bernd Trahmer
13 Drag Prediction 16 *.pdf Zero-lift drag from:
a) Sum of wetted areas and equivalent skin friction factor, or
b) Drag build-up from major aircraft components.
14 Design Evaluation / DOC 32 *.pdf DOC Calculation:
Preliminary Sizing Tool, Module 9: PreSTo-DOC (Excel Workbook)
  References 3 *.pdf  
  Sum: 286    
Appendix A Several Approaches to Drag Estimation 11 *.pdf Step 1 to the Drag Polar: Zero-lift drag estimation.
a) Max. glide ratio estimation. Subsequently: Zero-lift drag from max. glide ratio.
b) Wave drag estimation (additional to zero-lift drag).
Appendix B Estimating the Oswald Factor from Basic Aircraft Geometrical Parameter 35 *.pdf Step 2 to the Drag Polar: Induced drag estimation.
equation for a_e
Mcomp = 0.3; M0 = MCR + 0,08; be = 10,8
  Sum, Appendix: 46    
Summary Aircraft Design in a Nutshell 25 *.pdf Please make much use of this file to get prepared for the examination.
Examination Examination in the Short Course Aircraft Design 5 *.pdf  
Solution Solution for the Examination in the Short Course Aircraft Design 19 *.pdf Please check your own results based on what is written here.

Please see the Aircraft Design page with "official pictures" of teams taking this OER as a short course.

 

Aircraft Design Videos

My Playlists on YouTube

 

Test Your Aircraft Design Knowledge

Or just go to the page with the Interactive Content embedded.

 

Interactive Aircraft Design with OpenVSP-Connect

Do you want to calculate and automatically draw your own aircraft? Go to http://OpenVSP.ProfScholz.de

A320 sketched with OpenVSP

 

License:
CC-BY-NC-SA
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Author: Dieter Scholz
Link: http://HOOU.ProfScholz.de


LAST UPDATE:  27 September 2024
AUTHOR:  Prof. Dr. Scholz
IMPRESSUM (PDF)

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